Summary

As we enter the beginning of the 20th century, it is clear that science will play a prominent role in all aspects of society. Science in Europe began under the radar, limited in application and influence by the domination of religion. But through the centuries, as the church has weakened and science has garnered more attention, we have seen scientific breakthroughs and influences both challenging and shaping society. The 19th century was home to critical scientific studies and theories whose influences expanded beyond the scientific community. Darwin's theories challenged the way society was structured and the way humanity viewed itself. Herbert Spencer's belief of social Darwinism merged scientific and social proponents, underlining the significance and influence science now held in European society. Scientific innovations modernized warfare and manufacturing. Science affected Europe's modernization and its role will strengthen as Europe enters the 20th century.